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ADHD Medications – What Are the Side Effects? Many people suffering from ADHD take medication for the condition. It can improve symptoms, but it could also have negative side effects. If you have adverse reactions, consult your GP about them. Stimulants are among the most popular type of prescription medication that healthcare doctors prescribe for ADHD. These medicines increase levels of brain chemicals known as neurotransmitters that control attention and behavior. Methylphenidate Methylphenidate is a first-choice stimulant used to treat ADHD in adults and children. It is a stimulant that increases activity in certain parts of the brain that assist manage attention and behaviour. Methylphenidate may also be used to treat other conditions such as the disorder known as narcolepsy. It may help people with narcolepsy stay awake during the day and increase their ability to concentrate and pay attention. This medication can have an extremely high risk of abuse and is classified as a Schedule II drug by the US Drug Enforcement Agency. Taking this medication exactly as recommended can decrease the chance for abuse as well as other adverse effects. Methylphenidate may trigger psychotic symptoms for some people. It can also increase the severity of the behavior and tics of people suffering from Tourette syndrome or bipolar disorder. People with these conditions should inform their doctor before starting this medication. It is important to inform your doctor if there are any other health issues or are allergic to any foods or dyes (such as tartrazine, a yellow color that is found in processed foods as well as some medicines or if you're taking Adhansia XR). Methylphenidate can interact with certain medications, including opioids, antidepressants, and monoamine oxide inhibitors. These include isocarboxazid linezolid, methylene blue rasagiline, Emsam, Zelapar, or tranylcypromine. It's also important to avoid alcohol and other stimulant drugs when taking methylphenidate. They can have a negative effect on your blood pressure and heart rate. The immediate-release methylphenidate tablet (Ritalin), the oral disintegrating capsule that acts long-term and chewable tablet (Quillichew-ER and Cotempla-XR-ODT) and chewable tablets with a long-acting mechanism (Quillichew-ER and Cotempla XR-ODT), contain Phenylalanine. It can be a risk when a genetic condition such as phenylketonuria occurs. Bupropion Bupropion is an antidepressant medicine that works in the brain to improve mood and reduce symptoms of ADHD. It can also be used to treat depression and seasonal depression (SAD) which can occur in the winter months of fall and winter. It can also be used to aid people in quitting smoking cigarettes by reducing cravings for nicotine and withdrawal symptoms. Bupropion has been proven to reduce ADHD symptoms in adults in several studies. The fixed-effect RR of the pooled study for improvement over the course of a week (using a clinically meaningful change of 30% or more on the CGI scale) is 1.14 (95% CI 0.95 to 1.37) and for the overall response, the proportion of improved subjects was 52 percent in the bupropion treatment group compared with 37 percent in the placebo group. Bupropion can cause serious and life-threatening interactions if taken in conjunction in conjunction with other medications. These include antidepressants and sedatives and blood pressure medications. It may also increase seizure risk for those with an history of high blood pressure or seizures. It is contraindicated in certain medical conditions and women who are pregnant or nursing should not take it. Bupropion is a form of brand-name drugs Wellbutrin SR and Wellbutrin XL. It is also available in the form of Zyban, Budeprion SR. Aplenzin and Forfivo XL. It is also available as a generic drug. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic antidepressants (abbreviated TCAs) are a class of drugs that alter the brain's chemical. They were among the first antidepressants developed. While they aren't utilized as a primary treatment for depression anymore but they can be effective for some individuals. They work by preventing the reuptakes of dopamine as well as serotonin, increasing their levels of availability in neurons. They can be used to treat a variety of other conditions, including enuresis, pain syndromes such as fibromyalgia, as well as the phantom-limb syndrome. TCAs can be prescribed as a single or together with stimulants and may have a positive effect on symptoms of ADHD. They can improve core symptoms, and can reduce anxiety, depression and impulsiveness. They can also assist in managing the tics. These are uncontrollable repetitive actions or sounds like blinking or clearing the throat. TCAs may cause adverse effects, such as dry mouth and sedation and may increase the risk of cardiovascular issues. These medications can negatively interact with other medications like anticholinergics and should not be taken by pregnant women. These medications can also cause teratogenic effects in animals and can cross the placenta. If you have any concerns discuss it with your doctor for advice, as there are more modern antidepressants that have a lower adverse-effect profile. Selective serotonin inhibition of reuptake (SSRIs). The SSRIs are an antidepressant class of drugs that block serotonin reuptake in neurons and help increase the amount of serotonin that is available for signaling. They also reduce anxiety and the tendency to be impulsive. They are often used as adhd medications because they reduce symptoms in certain people and may be beneficial along with other medications. Examples of SSRIs are paroxetine, fluoxetine, sertraline and citalopram. They exhibit linear pharmacokinetics and have a lower clearance from the human body. However, they are extensively processed by CYP450 enzymes within the liver. This causes variable blood concentrations. These medications are also prescribed to treat other disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), generalized anxiety disorder and the bulimia-nervosa. The SSRIs fluoxetine, escitalopram, and sertraline could help in reducing PTSD symptoms. They aren't effective in treating other PTSD symptoms. The SSRIs may cause a rare side effect of sexual dysfunction. If you're thinking of taking one of these drugs it is crucial to talk with your doctor. Many people need to test several different kinds of ADHD medication before they find the one that works for them. There are always new medications being developed and tested. It is important to disclose all the medications you take to your doctor. Selective norepinephrine Reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) If stimulant medications do not work for adults with ADHD doctors recommend a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibit (SNRI). These medications boost levels of norepinephrine as well as serotonin two brain chemical substances. They also improve mood and reduce depression and anxiety. SNRIs are similar to TCAs, but they are less risky and have fewer adverse effects. They are used for many ailments like anxiety disorders, long-term pain such as fibromyalgia and nerve pain. Sometimes they are used to treat depression, too. Examples of SNRIs are duloxetine (Cymbalta) and Venlafaxine (Effexor). These drugs work by preventing the absorption (reuptake) of norepinephrine, which is a natural process in the brain after neurotransmission. This results in a higher than normal phasic release. The increased levels of norepinephrine help improve mood and concentration. Although SNRIs haven't been approved by the FDA to treat ADHD However, some doctors are using them as a substitute for stimulants. They are usually taken orally as pills, but they can also be used as patches or liquids. In April 2021 the FDA approved an oral SNRI known as viloxazine (Qelbree) to treat ADHD in kids and adolescents. It is not a controlled drug because it does not have the potential of being misused. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs are antidepressants that alter the levels of serotonin as well as norepinephrine in the brain. They are prescribed to treat anxiety and depression, but can also help control ADHD symptoms. SNRI drugs such as venlafaxine or duloxetine have been demonstrated in several studies to significantly decrease scores on various ADHD questionnaires. However, SNRIs can increase a person's blood pressure and could interact with certain medications. It is crucial to consult with a physician prior taking these medications. Additionally, improperly handled medication can cause harm to both humans and animals. It is therefore essential to follow the correct disposal guidelines. SSRIs and SNRIs have not been approved by the FDA to treat ADHD However, doctors are able prescribe them off-label. They are safe, effective, and have less negative effects than stimulants. Consult your doctor and discuss your child's health concerns. SNRIs can increase the body's levels of serotonin and norepinephrine however they aren't suitable for all. Women who are pregnant or nursing should not take SNRIs since they could be passed through breast milk. Also, they should not be used by people who suffer from high blood pressure, liver problems or other cardiovascular issues. Selective dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors (DARPIs). Many people who suffer from ADHD discover that medication can help them improve their concentration and attention. Some might also notice a decrease in their impulsive behavior. The medication is typically combined with behavioral therapy and training, which help people learn to control their symptoms. It takes time to identify the appropriate dosage and medication for each person. During this process, doctors monitor physical reactions to find the optimal balance of benefits and adverse effects. Stimulant medications, such as methylphenidate, increase the activity of specific brain chemicals that control memory and attention. While medications for adhd are generally effective and safe for the majority of people, they can cause serious side effects, such as diminished appetite and sleep problems. These side effects usually subside within a few days as your body adjusts to the medication. Non-stimulant medications are also available for children and adults. They take longer to begin working, but they do improve concentration and impulse control. They can include alpha-2 adrenergic agonists (atomoxetine viloxazine) and guanfacine hydrochloride. Antidepressants can also help treat ADHD. They can increase norepinephrine which is a neurotransmitter within the brain that aids in impulsive behaviors and depression. Bupropion is a prime example of an antidepressant used for ADHD. It was originally prescribed “off-label” for ADHD however, drug makers eventually came up with extended-release versions and the FDA approved the drug as a treatment for this condition.